В научном журнале «Архитектурное наследство», представленном на нашем сайте, публикуются материалы исследований по архитектуре и градостроительству, по истории создания малоизвестных памятников и развитию региональных архитектурных традиций. Авторами журнала выявляются новые атрибуции, привлекаются ранее неизвестные архивные источники. Ряд статей посвящен вопросам архитектурно-планировочного развития исторических городов, формирования ансамблей. Также освещаются теоретические историко-архитектурные проблемы, биографии архитекторов, творческие методы и концепции.
Принимаем статьи по специальностям:
2.1.11 «Теория и история архитектуры, реставрация и реконструкция историко-архитектурного наследия (архитектура)»; 2.1.11 «Теория и история архитектуры, реставрация и реконструкция историко-архитектурного наследия (искусствоведение)»; 2.1.12 «Архитектура зданий и сооружений. Творческие концепции архитектурной деятельности» (архитектура); 2.1.13 «Градостроительство, планировка сельских населенных пунктов (архитектура)»; 5.6.3 «Археология (исторические науки)»; 5.10.1 «Теория и история культуры, искусства (искусствоведение)»; 5.10.3 «Виды искусства: Изобразительное и декоративно-прикладное искусство и архитектура (искусствоведение)».
Issue 75
I. A. Bondarenko.
On Two Approaches to Structuring the Space in the Old Russian Architectural Tradition
The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the Russian hut and the cross-domed church construction layouts. There is a fundamental similarity between the square habitable cage and the quadrangle, which connects the altar with three points of entrances and its vertices in the church. This quadrilateral is comparable to the Vastu-mandala, which allows us to consider it as the basis of the “flat” model of the universe. The core of this model was a stationary island, overshadowed and girdled by the firmament of heaven and the insurmountable waters of the ocean. Its designation in the church was the space under a dome, and in the hut — the center surrounded by relatively isolated corners. It turns out that according to the archaic picture of the world, the corners symbolized the distant overseas lands where the sky connects with the earth in the first day of creation. The essential difference between the hut and the church was that the inner space of the former was intended for the quiet everyday life of people surrounded and protected by divine forces drawn from all four corners of the world, while the church served as a receptacle of great energies that directly and thoroughly permeate the universe, bursting out and guiding a person on the path of truth. This can explain the long-term coexistence of religious buildings with central-axial symmetry and civil buildings with the predominance of diagonals over orthogonals in their plan.
Keywords:
architecture, layout, traditions, geometric symbols, world model, church, hut, diagonal, orthogonal.
Bondarenko Igor Andreevich,
Dr. habil. (Architecture), professor, Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (RAASN), academician, Scientific Research Institute of the Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning (branch of the Central Institute for Research and Design of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation), chief research fellow.
E-mail: igor.bondarenko.54@mail.ru
References
1. Dmitriev L. A., Likhachev D. S. (comps., eds.). Izbornik. Sbornik proizvedenii literatury Drevnei Rusi, Moscow, 1969.
2. [Afanas’ev A. N.]. Narodnye russkie skazki A. N. Afanas’eva: in 3 vols., vol. 2. Moscow, 1992.
3. [Afanas’ev A. N.]. Narodnye russkie skazki A. N. Afanas’eva: in 3 vols., vol. 3. Moscow, 1992.
4. Agapkina T. A. Ugol. Slavianskaia mifologiia. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’, Moscow, 1995, pp. 379–380.
5. Afanas’ev A. N. 1851. Religiozno-iazycheskoe znachenie izby slavianina. Otechestvennye zapiski, no 6, sect. 2, pp. 57–68.
6. Afanas’ev A. N. Slavianskaia mifologiia. Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, 2008.
7. Bartenev S. P. Moskovskii Kreml’ v starinu i teper’, vol. 2. Moscow, 1912.
8. Bondarenko I. A. 2020. Vnov’ ob istokakh formirovaniia diagonal’nogo postroeniia plana russkoi izby. Arkhitekturnoe nasledstvo, i. 73, pp. 5–23.
9. Bondarenko I. A. 2021. Obraz neba, stoiashchego na zemle v arkhitekture Kitaia i Vizantii. Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury, i. 16, in print.
10. Braginskaia N. V.; Tokarev S. A. (ed.). Nebo. Mify narodov mira. Entsiklopediia: in 2 vols., vol. 2, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1992, pp. 206–208.
11. Dmitrieva S. I. Fol’klor i narodnoe iskusstvo russkikh Evropeiskogo Severa. Moscow, 1988.
12. Efimenko P. 1866. O zaklinaniiakh. Trudy Arkhangel’skogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta. 1865, vol. 1, sect. etnograficheskii, pp. 3–40.
13. Zabelin M. Russkii narod: ego obychai, obriady, predaniia, sueveriia i poeziia. Moscow, 1992.
14. Mil’kov V. V., Polianskii S. M. (comps.). Kosmologicheskie proizvedeniia v knizhnosti Drevnei Rusi: in 2 vols., vol. 1: Teksty geotsentricheskoi traditsii, Saint-Petersburg, 2008.
15. Mil’kov V. V., Polianskii S. M. (comps.). Kosmologicheskie proizvedeniia v knizhnosti Drevnei Rusi: in 2 vols., vol. 2: Teksty ploskostno-komarnoi i drugikh kosmologicheskikh traditsii, Saint-Petersburg, 2009.
16. Orfinskii V. P., Grishina I. E. Traditsionnyi karel’skii dom. Petrozavodsk, 2009.
17. Poznanskii N. Zagovory. Opyt issledovaniia proiskhozhdeniia i razvitiia zagovornykh formul, reprint. izd. 1917 g. Moscow, 1995.
18. Savel’eva N. V. Apokrificheskaia stat’ia “O vsei tvari” i ee bytovanie v sostave drevnerusskikh sbornikov. Trudy otdela drevnerusskoi literatury, i. 60, Saint-Petersburg, 2009, pp. 394–436.
19. Shambinago S.; Ianchuk N. A. (ed.). Drevnerusskoe zhilishche po bylinam. Iubileinyi sbornik v chest’ V. F. Millera, izdannyi ego uchenikami i pochitateliami, Moscow, 1900.
20. Shevchenko M. Iu. 2021. Krug i kvadrat kak osnova geometricheskikh postroenii planirovok tsentricheskikh sooruzhenii v arkhitekture Kitaia. DOI: 10.24412/1998–4839–2021–2-77–91. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, no 2 (55), pp. 77–91, available at: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2021/2kvart21/PDF/06_shevchenko.pdf.
21. Eko U.; Sabashnikova A. A. (trans.). Istoriia illiuzii: legendarnye mesta, zemli i strany. Moscow, 2017.