New materials regarding research in the fields of architecture and urban construction are being presented. The authors also focus on the history of the creation of little-known buildings of interest, on the development of local architectural traditions, on new attributions, and introduce recently discovered archive materials. A number of papers are dedicated to the issues of architectural and urban planning development of historical towns and cities or study the formation of architectural ensembles. The edition also includes papers that are devoted to theoretical historical-architectural problems, to biographies of architects, or analyze artistic approaches and concepts.
Issue 61 (2014)
Yevgenia Konysheva.
Foreign Experience in Planning Urban Landscape Garden Areas in the Late 19th — early 20th Century and its Reflection in the Projects of European Architects Working in the USSR in the 1930s
The paper deals with the way Soviet specialists of the 1920s–1930s adopted Western schemes of planning urban green spaces. The author analyzes the transformations in the principles of arranging landscape areas in the city layout, the new typology of urban green zones and the changes in functional priorities. She further looks at the projects of European city planners, who worked in the USSR during the first five-year-plans, and at the influence on their ideas, springing from European practices regarding the introduction of green areas, widespread in the first decades of the 20th century. An attempt is made, studying the theory and practice of “green construction”, to show the contradictions between the functional and artistic-aesthetic approach in Soviet urban planning. This research is based on the analysis of a rich collection of texts and graphic sources that include Russian and foreign archives.
Keywords
Urban planning, urban gardening, traditions and innovations, foreign experience, sotsgorod, principles of arranging green zones, typology of urban landscape spaces, functions of creating green zones.
Konysheva Yevgenia
Ph. D. in Art History, South-Urals State University (national research university), Department of Art Studies and Culturology, associate professor.
E-mail: e_kon@mail.ru
References
1. Arkin D. (ed.). Arkhitektura sovremennogo Zapada. M., 1932.
2. Vygodskii L. 1927. Zelenye nasazhdeniia v gradostroitel’stve. Kommunal’noe khoziaistvo, no 23/24, pp. 36–44.
3. Vygodskii L. 1927. Novosti gradostroitel’stva i planirovki. Kommunal’noe khoziaistvo, no 17/18, p. 103.
4. Vygodskii L. 1927. Osnovy gradostroitel’stva i planirovki v usloviiakh sotsialisticheskogo stroia. Kommunal’noe khoziaistvo, no 15/16, p. 34.
5. Vygodskii L. 1928. Planirovka Bol’shogo Berlina. Kommunal’noe khoziaistvo, no 1/2, pp. 111–112.
6. Galaktionov A., Sobolev D. Trudy Biuro nauchno-eksperimental’nykh rabot. I. 1. Zhiloi kvartal. Organizatsiia, normy i usloviia planirovki. M., 1934.
7. General’nyi plan rekonstruktsii goroda Moskvy. Postanovleniia i materialy. M., 1936.
8. Glan B. N. Za sotsialisticheskii park. Obzor proektov general’nogo plana Tsentral’nogo parka kul’tury i otdykha Mossoveta. M., 1932.
9. Gornyi S. M. Sotsialisticheskaia rekonstruktsiia Moskvy. M., 1931.
10. Kirichenko E. I. (ed.). Gradostroitel’stvo Rossii serediny XIX — nachala XX veka: in 3 vols. M., 2001, 2003, 2011.
11. Davidovich V. G. Voprosy planirovki novykh gorodov. L., 1934.
12. Dikanskii M. G. Postroika gorodov, ikh plan i krasota. Petrograd, 1915.
13. Zibenbrodt M. 2011. Direktor Baukhauza Khannes Maier, moskovskii period deiatel’nosti v kachestve prepodavatelia i arkhitektora (1930–1936). Kapitel’.
14. Konysheva E. V. 2013. Kommunist i «vrag naroda»: arkhitektor Kurt Maier v SSSR. Arkhitekton: izvestiia vuzov, no 1 (41), available at: http://archvuz.ru/2013_1/10.
15. Konysheva E. V. 2010. Orsk i Magnitogorsk: nasledie «sotsgorodov» kontsa 1920-kh — pervoi poloviny 1930-kh godov na Iuzhnom Urale. Arkhitekturnoe nasledstvo, i. 52, pp. 311–338.
16. Kukher K. Park Gor’kogo. Kul’tura dosuga v stalinskuiu epokhu 1928–1941. M., 2012.
17. Lunts L. B. Gorodskoe zelenoe stroitel’stvo. M., 1974.
18. Lunts L. B. Parki kul’tury i otdykha. M.; L., 1934.
19. Meerovich M. G. Nakazanie zhilishchem: zhilishchnaia politika v SSSR kak sredstvo upravleniia liud’mi, 1917–1937. M., 2008.
20. Meerovich M. G. Rozhdenie i smert’ goroda-sada. Gradostroitel’naia politika v SSSR 1917–1926. Irkutsk, 2008.
21. Meerovich M. G. Rozhdenie sotsgoroda. Gradostroitel’naia politika v SSSR 1926–1932. Irkutsk, 2008.
22. Nizhnik E. V. Genplan Orska 1935 g.: razrabotka i voploshchenie. Gorod v zerkale genplana: panorama gradostroitel’nykh proektov v rossiiskoi provintsii XVIII — nachala XXI vekov, Chelyabinsk, 2008, pp. 172–180.
23. Popov F. V., Efremov N. D. (eds.). Planirovka i sotsialisticheskaia rekonstruktsiia gorodov. M., 1931.
24. Pokshishevskii S. N. Promyshlennyi gorod, ego raschet i proektirovanie. Leningrad; M., 1932.
25. Savarenskaia T. F., Shvidkovskii D. O., Petrov F. A. Istoriia gradostroitel’nogo iskusstva. Pozdnii feodalizm i kapitalizm. M., 2004.
26. Trudy Biuro nauchno-eksperimental’nykh rabot Giprogora. I. 3. Sanitarnye trebovaniia pri planirovke goroda i raiona. M., 1934.
27. Problemy sadovo-parkovoi arkhitektury. M., 1936.
28. Semenov V. N. Blagoustroistvo gorodov. M., 1912.
29. Starostenko Iu. D. 2013. Ozelenenie Moskvy v proektakh rekonstruktsii 1920–1930-kh godov: predystoriia i podkhody k resheniiu problemy. Landshaftnaia arkhitektura. Dizain, no 1 (35), pp. 70–76.
30. Starostenko Iu. D. Proektirovanie Tsentral’nogo parka kul’tury i otdykha Moskvy v 1920-e — 1930-e gody. Materialy Nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii Moskovskogo arkhitekturnogo instituta (MARKhI) «Nauka, obrazovanie i eksperimental’noe proektirovanie». M., 2009, pp. 123–132.
31. Khazanova V. E. Klubnaia zhizn’ i arkhitektura kluba: in 2 vols. M., 1994.
32. Khmel’nitskii D. S., Miliutina E. Nikolai Miliutin v istorii sovetskoi arkhitektury. M., 2013.
33. Iakovleva G. N. Tri proekta planirovki Moskvy (1918–1925). Sovetskoe gradostroitel’stvo 1920–1930-kh godov. Novye issledovaniia i materialy. M., 2010, pp. 44–70.
34. Abt J., Ruhe A. Das Neue Frankfurt. Der soziale Wohnungsbau in Frankfurt am Main und sein Architekt Ernst May. Weimar; Rostock, 2008.
35. Quiring C., Voigt W., Schmal C. P., Herrel E. (Hrs.). Ernst May, 1886–1970. Frankfurt am Main, 2011.
36. Fritz Schumacher in Köln: Rückblick und Perspektiven. Hamburg, 2000.
37. Schumacher F. Köln — Entwicklungsfragen einer Groszstadt. Köln, 1923.
38. Bodenschatz H., Gräwe C., Kegler H. et al. (Hrs.). Stadtvisionen 1910/2010. Berlin. Paris. London. Chicago. 100 Jahre Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung in Berlin. Berlin, 2010.
39. Huse H. (Hg.) Vier Berliner Siedlungen der Weimarer Republik. Berlin, 1987.